This view of the retropubic space in a nulliparous woman is 20 years old. The posterior surface of the pubis is clear. The anterior surface of the bladder is clear with the urethra passing beneath the two ligaments and the inferior border of the symphysis pubis
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RF Zacharin christened them the pubourethral ligaments though there has always been some discussion about precise origins and insertions. Recent MR studies regularly describe them in detail. There are some variations with parity - as there are with uterosacral ligaments. In contrast to the uterosacrals these ligaments do not seem to reattach when they have been disrupted though the uterosacrals frequently reattach giving the impression of an intact lower genital tract - when it is anything but !
Do they contain nerves, and if so, where these nerves come from ?
Erosive lichen planus and reinnervation
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Oral lichen planus is a difficult and distressing condition. It produces
painful plaques throughout the oral cavity. No-one knows the cause.
A new paper fr...

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